Erythrocytes and Leukocytes
1.
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| Erythrocyte |
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| Leukocyte |
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| Leukocyte |
Basophils: Contains histamines that cause body tissues to swell and eventually repair injuries.
Eosinophils: Destroys large parasites by using digestive enzymes. Also releases chemicals to temper allergic reactions in the body.
Lymphocytes: B lymphocytes help make antibodies that defend the body against disease and infection. T lymphocytes destroy more specific threats such as cancer cells.
Monocytes: Often seen with chronic infections, monocytes differentiate into macrophages that "eat" dead tissue and foreign invaders.
Neutrophils: First step in immunity. Neutrophils fight bacteria and fungi by surrounding and "eating" the foreign invaders.
Sickle Cell Disease
Sickle Cell Anemia came about through natural selection. In the body's attempt to fight the malaria, it created a gene that helped aid in resisting the infectious disease. However, the side affect from the mutated gene was Sickle Cell Anemia.
Blood Typing
2. a. The blood typing game took a minute to understand so I didn't get it right away. But after a few minutes I was able to save all the patients. : )
b. I did great on the transfusion part! That part was a bit easier to understand once I figured out the blood typing part.
3. If a blood antigen received the wrong type such as A+ to B-, the blood would clump together and cause arteries and veins to become blocked, eventually damaging organs.
4. An antigen is a cell protein that is "non-self" on the blood and recognizes foreign invaders. Antibodies are proteins the body creates as an immunity defense against foreign invaders.
5. When an RH negative woman carries her first child that is RH positive, there is no reaction. However the body has developed antibodies to protect itself from future dealing with the foreign blood. If a woman becomes pregnant again and the fetus is also RH positive the body will recognize the RH positive fetus as foreign and send an immune response to destroy the offending invader.
PART 2. Lymphatic System
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| Tonsil |
The tonsils are related to the cardiovascular system because they are highly vascular and they have lymphocytes that filter out organisms that come in through the mouth and nose.
PART 3. Nonspecific Body Defenses
1. Name and explain three ways the integumentary system provides the first line of defense.
The skin provides a keratin barrier against bacteria and other harmful microbes and viruses preventing them from reaching the blood and internal organs. Hair, an accessory organ of the integumentary system offers protection and insulates from the cold. The skin also produces melanin that absorbs UV light from the sun that can damage cells underneath.
2. Explain the protective role of cilia. From what primary tissue type do cilia arise?
Cilia moves debris away from the body and carries it away so that it will not be absorbed. Cilia arises from epithelial tissue.
3. Define and sketch phagocytosis.
Phagocytosis is the cells ability to engulf foreign invaders and destroy it using lysosomes that live inside the cell.
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| Phagocytosis |
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| Neutrophil |
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| Eosinophil |
Once a tissue is damaged, the damaged cells release a chemical that triggers mast cells to release histamine. The histamine allows the vessels surrounding the damaged tissue to dilate. Meanwhile, basophils are also releasing histamines. The enlargement of the vessels allows phagocytes to enter the interstitial fluid and begin to destroy the foreign invaders and damaged cells. There is also an increase in blood to the area that raises the temperature in the area, increases phagocytosis. The interstitial fluid is leaking in as well, diluting the foreign substances and delivers clotting proteins. The clotting proteins form a fibrin mesh over the damaged area where healthy tissue is then allowed to begin forming anew.
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