Sorry, my computer was all over the place trying to get this information up! : ~)
Sunday, April 26, 2015
Monday, April 13, 2015
GENETICS AND INHERITANCE LAB - PART 2
1. For each of the diploid genotypes presented below, determine the genetic make up for all of the possible gametes that would result through the process of meiosis. Remember, each egg or sperm must have one of each other. That letter can be upper or lower case.
a. Rr = RR, Rr, Rr, rr
b. RrYy = RY, Yr, Ry, yr
c. rrYy = Yr, Yr, yr, yr
d. RrYY = RY, RY, Yr, Yr
2. For each of the following, state whether the genotype of a diploid or haploid cell is represented.
a. D = haploid
b. GG = diploid
c. P = haploid
d. ee = diploid
3. Yellow guinea pigs crossed with white ones always produce cream colored offspring. Two cream colored guinea pigs when crossed produced yellow, cream and white offspring in the ratio of 1 yellow: 2 cream: 1 white. Explain how are these colors inherited. No calculations needed! Name the type of inheritance this represents.
A cream colored guinea pig has the inherited alleles of one yellow parent and one white parent which makes it YW. When two cream colored guinea pigs cross it is then YW, YW. This produces one yellow (YY), two creams (YW) and one white (WW). This type of inheritance is called incomplete dominance because the cream color is the "intermediate" between yellow and white, with neither being dominant.
4. In sheep white is due to a dominant gene (B), black to its recessive allele (b). A white ewe mated to a white ram produces a black lamb. What are the genotypes of the parents? You might need to construct Punnet squares experimenting with different crosses to come up with this answer. Name the type of inheritance this represents.
The genotypes of the parents must be Bb for each sheep. With one dominant white gene and one recessive black gene. This would have a 1/4 chance of producing a black sheep, by getting two recessive genes (bb). This type of inheritance is called dominant-recessive inheritance.
5. In peas, yellow color (G) is dominant to green color (g). A heterozygous yellow is crossed with a green. What is the expected phenotype ratio of the offspring? Name the type of inheritance this represents.
This would result in Gg, gg, Gg, gg. So one half is Gg (yellow) and one half is gg (green). This is an example of dominant-recessive inheritance.
6. White color (Y) is dominant to yellow color (y) in squash. A heterozygous white fruit plant is crossed with a yellow fruit plant. What is the expected phenotype ratio of the offspring? What is this type of inheritance called?
Half will be Yy (white) and half will be yy (yellow). This type of inheritance is called dominant-recessive.
7. In certain flowers, a cross between homozygous red and a homozygous white will always result in a pink flower. A cross is made between two pink flowers. What is the predicted phenotype ratio of the colors red, pink and white appearing in the offspring? What is this type of inheritance called?
The phonotype ratio will be one white, two pink, and one red. This type of inheritance is called incomplete dominance.
8. In humans, the condition for normal blood clotting dominates the condition for non-clotting or hemophilia. Both alleles are lined to the X chromosome. A male hemophiliac marries a woman who is a carrier for this condition. In this respect, a carrier is a woman who has an allele for normal blood clotting and an allele for hemophilia. What are the chances that if they have a male child he will be normal for blood clotting? What is this type of inheritance called?
The child will have a 50% chance of inheriting hemophilia. This is called dominant-recessive inheritance.
9. A person with an allele for type A blood and type O blood marries someone with an allele for type B blood and type O blood. List the types of offspring they cold have and the probability for each blood type in the offspring. (A allele = 1^A, B allele = 1^B, O allele = i) What is the expected phenotype ratio of the offspring? What is the type of inheritance called?
The offspring could be A, B, AB or O blood type. The probability of each type of blood is 25% A, 25% B, 25%AB, and 25% O. This type of inheritance is called codominance.
10. Skin color in humans becomes darker by the number of dominant alleles; AABBCC have the darkest skin and aabbcc have the lights skin. Place these genotypes in sequence according to the color of skin expected for each. Place the darkest skin first. What is this type of inheritance called?
AaBBCC
AaBBCc
AaBbCc
AAbbcc
aabbcc
This type of inheritance is called polygenic inheritance.
a. Rr = RR, Rr, Rr, rr
b. RrYy = RY, Yr, Ry, yr
c. rrYy = Yr, Yr, yr, yr
d. RrYY = RY, RY, Yr, Yr
2. For each of the following, state whether the genotype of a diploid or haploid cell is represented.
a. D = haploid
b. GG = diploid
c. P = haploid
d. ee = diploid
3. Yellow guinea pigs crossed with white ones always produce cream colored offspring. Two cream colored guinea pigs when crossed produced yellow, cream and white offspring in the ratio of 1 yellow: 2 cream: 1 white. Explain how are these colors inherited. No calculations needed! Name the type of inheritance this represents.
A cream colored guinea pig has the inherited alleles of one yellow parent and one white parent which makes it YW. When two cream colored guinea pigs cross it is then YW, YW. This produces one yellow (YY), two creams (YW) and one white (WW). This type of inheritance is called incomplete dominance because the cream color is the "intermediate" between yellow and white, with neither being dominant.
4. In sheep white is due to a dominant gene (B), black to its recessive allele (b). A white ewe mated to a white ram produces a black lamb. What are the genotypes of the parents? You might need to construct Punnet squares experimenting with different crosses to come up with this answer. Name the type of inheritance this represents.
The genotypes of the parents must be Bb for each sheep. With one dominant white gene and one recessive black gene. This would have a 1/4 chance of producing a black sheep, by getting two recessive genes (bb). This type of inheritance is called dominant-recessive inheritance.
5. In peas, yellow color (G) is dominant to green color (g). A heterozygous yellow is crossed with a green. What is the expected phenotype ratio of the offspring? Name the type of inheritance this represents.
This would result in Gg, gg, Gg, gg. So one half is Gg (yellow) and one half is gg (green). This is an example of dominant-recessive inheritance.
6. White color (Y) is dominant to yellow color (y) in squash. A heterozygous white fruit plant is crossed with a yellow fruit plant. What is the expected phenotype ratio of the offspring? What is this type of inheritance called?
Half will be Yy (white) and half will be yy (yellow). This type of inheritance is called dominant-recessive.
7. In certain flowers, a cross between homozygous red and a homozygous white will always result in a pink flower. A cross is made between two pink flowers. What is the predicted phenotype ratio of the colors red, pink and white appearing in the offspring? What is this type of inheritance called?
The phonotype ratio will be one white, two pink, and one red. This type of inheritance is called incomplete dominance.
8. In humans, the condition for normal blood clotting dominates the condition for non-clotting or hemophilia. Both alleles are lined to the X chromosome. A male hemophiliac marries a woman who is a carrier for this condition. In this respect, a carrier is a woman who has an allele for normal blood clotting and an allele for hemophilia. What are the chances that if they have a male child he will be normal for blood clotting? What is this type of inheritance called?
The child will have a 50% chance of inheriting hemophilia. This is called dominant-recessive inheritance.
9. A person with an allele for type A blood and type O blood marries someone with an allele for type B blood and type O blood. List the types of offspring they cold have and the probability for each blood type in the offspring. (A allele = 1^A, B allele = 1^B, O allele = i) What is the expected phenotype ratio of the offspring? What is the type of inheritance called?
The offspring could be A, B, AB or O blood type. The probability of each type of blood is 25% A, 25% B, 25%AB, and 25% O. This type of inheritance is called codominance.
10. Skin color in humans becomes darker by the number of dominant alleles; AABBCC have the darkest skin and aabbcc have the lights skin. Place these genotypes in sequence according to the color of skin expected for each. Place the darkest skin first. What is this type of inheritance called?
AaBBCC
AaBBCc
AaBbCc
AAbbcc
aabbcc
This type of inheritance is called polygenic inheritance.
Sunday, April 12, 2015
GENETICS AND INHERITANCE LAB - PART 1
| Allele(s) from Mother | Allele(s) from Father | Genotype | Phenotype | |||
| Sex of child: | XX | XX | Girl | |||
| Face shape | r | r | rr | square | ||
| Chin Shape (I) | v | V | Vv | very prominent | ||
| Chin Shape (II) | R | r | Rr | round | ||
| Cleft chin | A | A | AA | absent | ||
| Skin color | AbCd | AbCd | AAbbCCdd | med brown | ||
| Hair type | c | c | cc | straight | ||
| Widow’s Peak | W | W | WW | present | ||
| Eyebrows (I) | B | b | Bb | bushy | ||
| Eyebrows (II) | N | n | Nn | not connected | ||
| Eyebrow color | h | H | Hh | same as hair | ||
| Eyes distance apart | E | e | Ee | Average distance | ||
| Eyes size | E | e | Ee | medium | ||
| Eyes shape | A | a | Aa | almond | ||
| Eyes slant | H | H | HH | horizontal | ||
| Eyelashes | L | l | Ll | long | ||
| Eye color | aBC | abC | aaBbCC | hazel | ||
| Mouth size | m | m | mm | narrow | ||
| Lips | l | L | Ll | thick | ||
| Protruding lower lip | h | h | hh | absent | ||
| Dimples | d | D | Dd | present | ||
| Nose size | n | n | nn | small | ||
| Nose shape | r | r | rr | pointed | ||
| Nostril shape | R | R | RR | rounded | ||
| Earlobe Attachment | F | f | Ff | free | ||
| Freckles on checks | F | f | Ff | freckles on cheeks | ||
| Hair color | aBCd | abCD | aaBbCCDd | dark blonde | ||
|
Sunday, April 5, 2015
DNA LAB - PART 2
DNA Technologies
The DNA technology I am most excited about and interested in is gene therapy. This field has a lot going on and has the potential to improve or save many lives. Gene therapy is putting certain human genes directly into cells in an attempt to change the cells behavior. By doing this, the cell would no longer facilitate or create a disease. This may stop cells from differentiating into tumors other or disease processes. Part of the problem with gene therapy is isolating the gene that causes these diseases, then being able to target enough cells to make a difference. If the gene is introduced to only a small amount of cells, than it may not be enough to change the environment. However, if scientist's can find a way to seek out the specific cells that cause the disease and infiltrate a majority of them, it could change the way the cell behaves. Possibly forever. Another issue is that even if gene therapy does work in certain individuals, it is not guaranteed to work in their off spring.
The DNA technology I am most excited about and interested in is gene therapy. This field has a lot going on and has the potential to improve or save many lives. Gene therapy is putting certain human genes directly into cells in an attempt to change the cells behavior. By doing this, the cell would no longer facilitate or create a disease. This may stop cells from differentiating into tumors other or disease processes. Part of the problem with gene therapy is isolating the gene that causes these diseases, then being able to target enough cells to make a difference. If the gene is introduced to only a small amount of cells, than it may not be enough to change the environment. However, if scientist's can find a way to seek out the specific cells that cause the disease and infiltrate a majority of them, it could change the way the cell behaves. Possibly forever. Another issue is that even if gene therapy does work in certain individuals, it is not guaranteed to work in their off spring.
 |
| Injection of genes into human cell. (No directly, of course) |
DNA LAB - PART 1
My Personal Chromosome #9:
DDX58: Dead
This gene helps with RNA recognition and regulating immune responses. It encodes a protein with RNA Dead-box protein.
NOTCH1: Notch 1
A transmembrane protein that aids in developmental process through controlling the fate of what a cell is going to do. Signals cells that are right next to each other and regulates their interactions.
ENG: Endoglin
Encodes for a transmembrane protein that is a vascular endothelium (interior tissue of vessels) glycoprotein (carbohydrate and protein). Part of the "transforming growth factor beta receptor complex" (form of cell to cell communication). Mutations can cause hereditary diseases such as Osler-Rendu-Weber Syndrome 1, preeclampsia in pregnant women and cancer.
RXRA: Retinoid X Receptor Alpha
Help mediate effects of retinoids (Vitamin A compounds). Promotes the binding of molecules in order to transcribe sequences for target genes.
ADAMTS13: Adametallopeptidase with Thrombospondin Type 1
Encodes an enzyme that leads to von Willebrand Factor (protein that stops blood loss). Defects in the gene cause blood clots to form in blood vessels.
SYK: Spleen Tyrosine Kinase
Expressed in hematopoietic cells (blood producing). Pair immunoreceptors with certain biological events and mediate a cellular response. Possibly a tumor suppressor and may play a role in tissue growth.
ABO: ABO Blood Group
Encodes proteins for the different blood groups, A, B and O. Blood types are dependent on which type of allele (alternative form of a gene) is present.
TLR4: Toll-like Receptor 4
Plays a very definitive role in recognizing pathogens (diseases) and starting an immune response. Once they recognize a certain pathogen they aid in the production of cytokines (promotes immunity cells).
My favorite gene is TLR4, Toll-like Receptor 4. I chose this gene because it actively plays a role in immune response and fighting against disease. The gene is able to recognize a pathogen and signal specific cells to take care of it. I find it interesting because it aids in keeping our bodies healthy, often before we ever know the pathogen exists in our bodies.
CITATIONS
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. DNA Interactive. DNA Learning Center, 2003.
Web. April 5, 2015.
Johnson, Michael D. Human Biology Concepts and Current Issues. Illinois: Pearson
Education, Inc. 2014. Print.
DDX58: Dead
This gene helps with RNA recognition and regulating immune responses. It encodes a protein with RNA Dead-box protein.
NOTCH1: Notch 1
A transmembrane protein that aids in developmental process through controlling the fate of what a cell is going to do. Signals cells that are right next to each other and regulates their interactions.
ENG: Endoglin
Encodes for a transmembrane protein that is a vascular endothelium (interior tissue of vessels) glycoprotein (carbohydrate and protein). Part of the "transforming growth factor beta receptor complex" (form of cell to cell communication). Mutations can cause hereditary diseases such as Osler-Rendu-Weber Syndrome 1, preeclampsia in pregnant women and cancer.
RXRA: Retinoid X Receptor Alpha
Help mediate effects of retinoids (Vitamin A compounds). Promotes the binding of molecules in order to transcribe sequences for target genes.
ADAMTS13: Adametallopeptidase with Thrombospondin Type 1
Encodes an enzyme that leads to von Willebrand Factor (protein that stops blood loss). Defects in the gene cause blood clots to form in blood vessels.
SYK: Spleen Tyrosine Kinase
Expressed in hematopoietic cells (blood producing). Pair immunoreceptors with certain biological events and mediate a cellular response. Possibly a tumor suppressor and may play a role in tissue growth.
ABO: ABO Blood Group
Encodes proteins for the different blood groups, A, B and O. Blood types are dependent on which type of allele (alternative form of a gene) is present.
TLR4: Toll-like Receptor 4
Plays a very definitive role in recognizing pathogens (diseases) and starting an immune response. Once they recognize a certain pathogen they aid in the production of cytokines (promotes immunity cells).
My favorite gene is TLR4, Toll-like Receptor 4. I chose this gene because it actively plays a role in immune response and fighting against disease. The gene is able to recognize a pathogen and signal specific cells to take care of it. I find it interesting because it aids in keeping our bodies healthy, often before we ever know the pathogen exists in our bodies.
CITATIONS
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. DNA Interactive. DNA Learning Center, 2003.
Web. April 5, 2015.
Johnson, Michael D. Human Biology Concepts and Current Issues. Illinois: Pearson
Education, Inc. 2014. Print.
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